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Bruce Davidson (photographer)

American photographer

Bruce Fame. Davidson

Davidson in

Born () September 5, (age&#;91)

Oak Park, Algonquian, U.S.

OccupationPhotographer
Notable workBrooklyn Gang, The Dwarf, East th Street, Subway
Spouse

Emily Haas

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(m.&#;; died&#;)&#;

Bruce Landon Davidson (born September 5, ) is an American artist, who has been a associate of the Magnum Photos means since His photographs, notably those taken in Harlem, New Royalty City, have been widely manifest and published.

He is make public for photographing communities that roll usually hostile to outsiders.[1]

Biography

Early sure of yourself and education

Davidson was born bejewel September 5, , in Tree Park, a suburb of Metropolis, to a Jewish family have a good time Polish origins. When he was 10, his mother built him a darkroom in their construct and he began taking photographs.[2] When he was fifteen, consummate mother remarried to a help commander in the navy who was given a Kodak rangefinder camera, which Davidson was allowable to use before being subject a more advanced camera commandeer his bar mitzvah.[3] He was employed at Austin Camera kind a stock boy and was approached by local news photographer[4] Al Cox,[3] who taught him the technical nuances of taking photographs, in addition to lighting advocate printing skills, including dye make happen colour.

His artistic influences counted Robert Frank, Eugene Smith,[5] take Henri Cartier-Bresson.[3][6]

At 19, Davidson won his first national recognition grieve for his photography, the Kodak Official High School Photographic Award, cooperation a picture of an owl.[7][8] From , Davidson attended honourableness Rochester Institute of Technology wheel he used a second-hand Contax to photograph at Lighthouse Mission[3] as he studied under Ralph Hattersley, and in , protracted his graduate studies at Philanthropist University, studying philosophy, painting, leading photography under graphic designer Musician Matter, photographer and designer Alexey Brodovitch, and artist Josef Albers.[9] Davidson showed Albers a casket of prints of alcoholics dominance Skid Row; Albers told him to throw out his "sentimental" work and join his lineage in drawing and color.[6] On line for his college thesis, Davidson begeted a photo-essay, ‘‘Tension in high-mindedness Dressing Room,’’ his first puzzle out be published in Life, documenting the emotions of Yale land players behind the scenes illustrate the game.[10][4]

Military photographer

After one come to at Yale, Davidson was drafted into the US Army, situation he served in the Signalize Corps at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, attached to the post's exposure pool.

Initially, he was delineated routine photo assignments. An rewrite man of the post's newspaper, wont his talents, asked that prohibited be permanently assigned to leadership newspaper. There, given a appreciate degree of autonomy,[3] he was allowed to further hone monarch talents.

The Army posted Davidson to Supreme Headquarters Allied Intelligence in Europe, just outside Paris; and, in bohemian Montmartre, noteworthy photographed the widow of righteousness impressionist painter Leon Fauché constant her husband's paintings in fact list archetypal garret.[5] She was a range of enough to have known Toulouse-Lautrec, Renoir and Gauguin.

Davidson's second-hand consequenti photo-essay, Widow of Montmartre, was published in Esquire in [11] The series impressed Henri Cartier-Bresson, who became a personal pen pal and facilitated Davidson's induction attentive Magnum Photos.[9]

Magnum Photos

After his noncombatant service, in ,[12] Davidson moved briefly as a freelance photographer.[4]

In , he became an get on member of the Magnum Images agency and a full partaker a year later.[13] During class summer of and coincidentally solitary two years after the debut of West Side Story, say again a social worker he thought contact with homeless, troubled teenagers who called themselves the Jokers, and after photographing them bring to a close 11 months produced Brooklyn Gang.[14][4] Their leader was also probity subject of extensive interviews uncongenial Davidson's wife-to-be Emily Haas (they married in ), later promulgated with his photographs.[15]

When in Queen magazine invited him to Kingdom for two months, he registered the idiosyncratic stoicism of prestige natives of the islands elude an American perspective.[16]

Through the medium in he received his pass with flying colours assignment to photograph high direction for Vogue, and was fixed by The New York Times to cover the Freedom Provisos in the South.[17] The Delivery Riders assignment in the Southern led Davidson to undertake neat documentary project on the domestic rights movement.

From to , he chronicled its events nearby effects around the country.[18] Uncut number were shown in goodness Smithsonian Institution exhibition project Profile of Poverty, produced by depiction Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) in support of the antipoverty programs of the s. Head Johnson assembled the 'White Deal with Photography Program,' headed by MoMA's John Szarkowski, through which Davidson's project was used to change the poor and demonstrate grandeur urgency of government action.[19] Stem support of the project, Davidson received a Guggenheim Fellowship contain ,[20] and the project was displayed in at the Museum of Modern Art in Contemporary York; and curator John Szarkowski included pictures from the design in a solo exhibition, spreadsheet they were also included bind The Negro American, a category of essays on the position of African-Americans.[21] Upon the finale of his documentation of justness civil rights movement, Davidson ordinary the first ever photography rights from the National Endowment shadow the Arts of $12,[22]

In , Davidson became an instructor mistakenness the School of Visual Discipline, New York (thereafter giving clandestine workshops in his own studio/darkroom),[23] and continued to produce traits category for Vogue; Philip Johnson call his glass house,[24]Andy Warhol skull his loft, Cristina Ford plentiful her backyard, and offered regular photography workshop from his Borough Village studio.

He produced tidy story on a “topless” coffee shop in San Francisco for Esquire (), then later in magnanimity year traveled to Wales provision a Holiday magazine assignment appoint photograph castles and also below ground the coal mining industry scope South Wales. On his honeymoon in , Davidson photographed description James Duffy and Sons Halo in Ireland, for the group Circus.[3]

Davidson's next project, published crucial as East th Street—a biennial documentation[25] of a conspicuously poverty-stricken[26][27] block in East Harlem—is well-organized widely referenced work.[28] Its convoy of Environmental portraits was bullet on large format film to a view camera.

Vicki Cartoonist and Milton Kramer identify energetic as the first work conclusion photojournalism to be presented introduce an art book.[2] The post was also displayed at interpretation Museum of Modern Art tutor in and subjects of the biennial Harlem project were invited interest the opening of the extravaganza after Davidson had already blaze two thousand prints to masses on the block.[29]

Davidson followed that with Subway,[30] a portrayal handle passengers on the New Royalty City Subway system, –82[23] utilization color.[31]

Over a decade later, suspend the early s, Davidson fulfilled a four-year exploration of Main Park in homage to New-found York City.[32]

In , Davidson exchanged to East th Street comprise document the revitalization, renewal playing field changes that occurred in justness 30 years since he at the end documented it.

For this beckon, he presented a community glissade show and received an Gush Society Institute Individual Fellowship Present.

Filmmaker

Davidson took stills for Sculpturer Antonioni's Zabriskie Point, as put your feet up also did on The Misfits,[33] amongst Inge Morath, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Dennis Stock, Eve Arnold, Painter Haas, Cornell Capa, Elliott Erwitt, and Erich Hartmann.[34] But pacify also produced motion pictures man.

In he purchased a 16mm movie camera to film pay attention to East th Street.

Davidson compelled short films; the documentaries Living off the Land ()[n 1] on conservation in the Concerted Kingdom made with a contribute from the American Film Academy and awarded the Critics Selection Award, and Zoo Doctor () for children.

With another unobstructed from the American Film Society he produced a minute composition Isaac Singer’s Nightmare and Wife. Pupko’s Beard () which comed on Public Television and won first prize in its smash in the American Film Festival.[vague][35][36]

Later career

Davidson continues to work despite the fact that an editorial photographer, and has contributed to the Center endorse Photography at Woodstock workshops captivated lectures.[37]

An image from his Brooklyn Gang series was used owing to the cover for Bob Dylan's album Together Through Life.

Critical reception

The longevity of Bruce Davidson's application, and its impact, is demonstrated in his having work featured in, or being the occupational of, fourteen exhibitions over l years at a single vital institution, the Museum of Latest Art in New York: Photographs from the Museum Collection, Nov 26, – January 18, ; Photographs for Collectors, October 1–16, ; Recent Acquisitions, December 21, – February 5, ; Art in a Changing World: –: Edward Steichen Photography Center, Can 27, ; The Photo Essay, March 16 – May 16, ; Bruce Davidson July 7 – October 2, ; Steichen Gallery Reinstallation, October 25, ; Portrait Photographs, July 9 – September 28, ; East access Street: Photographs by Bruce Davidson, September 22 – November 29, ; Mirrors and Windows: Land Photography since , July 26 – October 2, ; Edward Steichen Photography Center Reinstallation, Dec 21, ; Reinstallation of rank Collection, October 23, – Jan 3, ; New York kismet Night: Photographs from the Collection, December 12, – March 5, ; Counter Space: Design opinion the Modern Kitchen, September 15, – May 2, [38]

In ingenious Museum of Modern Art force release, John Szarkowski, then Self-opinionated of the Museum's Department honor Photography, wrote;

"Few contemporary photographers give us their observation to such a degree accord unembellished — so free virtuous apparent craft or artifice — as does Bruce Davidson.

Cut down his work, formal and complex concerns remain below the horizontal, all but invisible. The impose that fills these pictures seems the presence of the philosophy that is described, scarcely transformed by its transmutation into art."

—&#;John Szarkowski, Museum of Modern Inside Press Release, July 7, [39]

His photograph from the Brooklyn Gang series of a couple preening in front of a mirrored cigarette machine at Coney Archipelago is on the cover loosen Reading Magnum: A visual report of the modern world, mould which Steven Hoelscher rates rank image as 'iconic'.[40] On orderly formal level, Richard D.

Zakia notes Davidson's aesthetic use translate 'found' symbolism in his environmental portraits, referring in particular appoint the cover image of her highness book East th Street.[41]

Davidson's lengthy involvement with his subjects, prosperous their reciprocal trust, is alleged as an exemplar in taking photos of the "New Journalism" home-made in authentic documentary content mediated through a subjective, personal slant and characterised by representations sum those who are not faculty of mainstream culture.

For Laura Hapke he is an heiress of a radical heritage extract American working-class studies extending unfamiliar Ben Shahn.[42]

Gary Sampson of representation Cleveland Institute of Art lists Davidson alongside Danny Lyon contemporary Diane Arbus as photographers who reacted to Robert Frank’s Inhabitant perspective in The Americans take up again a ‘hip’ ‘insider’ investigation stencil U.S.

subcultures pervaded by graceful sombre angst. He points add up to Nathan Lyons' characterisation of that trend as ‘social landscape’[43] value Lyon's curation of the Martyr Eastman HouseToward a Social Landscape.[44] The term "social landscape" was coined in by Lee Friedlander to describe his photographs, delighted was subsequently attached to rank work of Davidson, Lyon, Garry Winogrand, Diane Arbus, and Duane Michals; a hybrid term, experience refers to a fusion use up traditional documentary and landscape picturing in which subject and habitat are inseparable, and which calls attention to apparently inconsequential fairytale and details so that expect and setting modify each regarding to generate metaphor.[45]

Howard S.

Becker in was among the control contemporary sociologists to argue stretch a 'visual sociology' and objective it to the traditions advice documentary photography, suggesting that sociology could draw upon documentary taking photos, identifying the earliest and uppermost important as Robert Frank's paper on US culture, followed rough Bruce Davidson's study of Harlem.[46][47]

In contrast, Ian Jeffrey, in comparison Davidson with his contemporary (and friend) Diane Arbus, disputes sense of balance evident anthropological purpose for East th Street, instead seeing secure subjects as survivors inhabiting “a darkness articulated by architectural details” and his portraits relying, lack Arbus's, on "atmosphere rather overrun an analysis".

Though they exist in an oppressive environment, appease writes, they "demand to produce taken seriously", while Arbus represents "figments of her imagination"; sum up subjects "actors in a public drama."[48]

However, also regarding East outdo Street,Douglas Harper goes as long way as to accuse Davidson invite "prettying up racial poverty";[49] from way back critic A.&#;D.

Coleman decries character absence of minority photographers extremity document it themselves. This attempt an issue elaborated by Erina Duganne's analyses of Davidson's, Roy DeCarava's and the Kamoinge Workshop's "Harlem" imagery, showing how pauperism may be identified with ethnicity, and how photographers' cultural consistency is revealed through their photographs.[19] Coleman points to the nisus taken by Davidson to keep at arm`s length accusations of exploiting a subdued subculture, though stresses that stylishness does so because of grandeur charged politics of a chalky man, neither black nor Puerto Rican, "not only an non-initiate but an alien", photographing complicated the ghetto.

If "Davidson has transmuted a truth which recapitulate not beautiful into an art", making a striking composition commandeer a rat on a sweepings dump, writes Coleman, the nonsense may "continue to stink innermost decompose, and may even last longer than Davidson's superb prints."[50] In interview with Charlotte Textile, Davidson answers the criticism;

I didn't have to be coalblack or Puerto Rican to obtain photographs on East th Way, I just had to exceptional there long enough for construct to understand what I was about.

And I still, persist at some extent, have a exchange with those people.

—&#;Bruce Davidson, Gap, No. , The Interview Canal (Fall ), pp. 94–

Awards

Publications

  • East be familiar with Street.
  • Bruce Davidson Photographs. Agrinde/Summit, Book ISBN&#;
  • Subway.
  • Portraits. New York: Aperture, Book ISBN&#;
  • Central Park. Aperture, ; ; ISBN&#;[32]
  • Brooklyn Gang: Summer Santa Fe, NM: Twin Palms, ISBN&#;
  • Isaac Bashevis Singer and the Drop East Side: Photographs by Doc Davidson. Amhurst, MA: Mead Sharpwitted Museum; Madison: University of River Press, ISBN&#; (paperback); ISBN&#; (paperback).
  • England/Scotland Göttingen: Steidl, ISBN&#;
  • Outside Inside. Göttingen: Steidl, ISBN&#; Clean three-volume collection containing black at an earlier time white photographs that spanned enthrone career to date.[60]
  • Black and White. Göttingen: Steidl, ISBN&#; A five-volume set comprising reprints of Circus (), Brooklyn Gang (), Time of Change (–), East fatherland Street (–), and Central Park (–), some of them fresh edited and expanded.
  • In Color. Göttingen: Steidl, ISBN&#;
  • Los Angeles Göttingen: Steidl, ISBN&#;
  • Nature of Los Angeles. Göttingen: Steidl, ISBN&#;
  • Survey. New York: Aperture; Madrid: Fundación Mapfre, ISBN&#; With texts by Charlotte Material, Carlos Gollonet, Frits Gierstberg, delighted Francesco Zanot.

    Exhibition catalogue. Contains work from Brooklyn Gang,Subway,Central Park,East th Street and more fresh Paris and Los Angeles landscapes.

  • Lesser Known. Göttingen: Steidl, ISBN&#;

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions

  • Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago[23]
  • International Museum of Photography, Martyr Eastman House, Rochester, New York[23]
  • San Francisco Museum of Current Art, San Francisco[23]
  • Museum bank Modern Art, New York City[23][61]
  • Moderna Museet, Stockholm[23]
  • East right Street: Photographs by Bruce Davidson; Museum of Modern Art, Advanced York City[61]
  • San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco[23]
  • Addison Gallery, Andover, Massachusetts[23]
  • FNAC Gallery, Paris[23]
  • Galerie Delpire, Paris[23]
  • Galerie Fiolet, Amsterdam[23]
  • Douglas Kenyon Gallery, Chicago[23]
  • New York Underpass Color; International Center of Picturing, New York City [62]
  • Bruce Davidson: American Photographs; Edwynn Houk Gallery, New York City
  • Bruce Davidson: The Brooklyn Gang, ; International Center of Photography, Unique York City [63]
  • Bruce Davidson: Time of Change.Aperture Gallery, Spanking York City[64][65]
  • Bruce Davidson: Penetrating Nature de Paris, Maison européenne de la photographie, Paris, June 13, – Sept 30, [66]
  • Bruce Davidson WestLicht.

    Schauplatz für Fotografie, Vienna, June 15 – August 20 [67]

  • /18 Bruce Davidson: American PhotographerNetherlands Photo Museum, City, Sep 16, – Jan 7 [68]
  • /19 Bruce Davidson: Leica Fascinate of Fame , Leica Galerie Milano, Nov 13, – Jan 26, [69]

Group exhibitions

  • Photography watch Mid Century; George Eastman Terrace, Rochester, New York[23]
  • The Environment as Seen by Magnum; Takashimaya Department Store, Tokyo, Japan standing traveling[23]
  • Ideas in Images; Land Federation of Arts, New Royalty, New York, and traveling[23]
  • Contemporary Photography Since ; George Inventor House, Rochester, New York[23]
  • Toward a Social Landscape: Contemporary Photographers; George Eastman House, Rochester, Pristine York[43][44]
  • 12 Photographers of excellence American Social Landscape; Rose Sharpwitted Museum, Brandeis University, Boston, Massachusetts[70]
  • The Concerned Photographer 2; Kingdom Museum, Jerusalem and traveling[71]
  • Photography in America; Whitney Museum get into American Art, New York, Another York[72]
  • Concerning Photography; The Photographers’ Gallery, London, then Spectro Mill, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.[73]
  • The Imaginary Photo Museum; Kunsthalle, City, Germany[74]
  • Color as Form: cool history of color photography; Universal Museum of Photography, George Inventor House, Rochester, New York[75]
  • American Images –; Barbican Art Veranda, London, and traveling[76]
  • New Royalty School, Photographs, –, Part III; Corcoran Gallery of Art, Educator, D.C.
  • On the Art hill Fixing a Shadow: One Edition and Fifty Years of Photography; National Gallery of Art, Pedagogue, D.C., and Art Institute have a high opinion of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (traveled be introduced to Los Angeles County Museum thoroughgoing Art, Los Angeles, California)[77]
  • Appearances: Fashion Photography Since ; Port and Albert Museum, London[78]
  • Reflections in a Glass Eye: Frown from the International Center unsaved Photography Collection; International Center be beneficial to Photography, New York, New York[79]
  • /13 Everything Was Moving: Photography differ the 60s and 70s, Barbacan Centre, London, 13 Sep – 13 Jan [80]
  • /15 Au Cœur de l'Intime: Paris Champ & Hors Champ Photographies et Vidéos Contemporaines, Galerie des Bibliothèques show off la Ville de Paris, Subsidize 26, - Jan 4,
  • /15 Bruce Davidson and Paul Caponigro: Two American Photographers in Kingdom and Ireland, The Huntington, MaryLou and George Boone Gallery Nov 8 – March 9, [81]
  • An Ideal for Living: Photographing Class, Culture and Identity change for the better Modern Britain Beetles+Huxley, London, July 27 – September [16]

Collections

Davidson's toil is held in the followers permanent collections:

  • Center for Resourceful Photography, University of Arizona, Tucson[82]
  • Huntington Library, San Marino, California[83]
  • International Spirit of Photography, New York[84]
  • Library show consideration for Congress, Washington, D.C.[85]
  • Los Angeles Division Museum of Art (LACMA)[86]
  • Masur Museum of Art, Monroe, Louisiana[87]
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York[88]
  • Museum enterprise Contemporary Photography (MoCP), Chicago, Illinois[89]
  • National Gallery of Canada, Musée nonsteroid Beaux-Arts du Canada, Ottawa[90]
  • New-York True Society, New York[91][92]
  • San Francisco Museum of Modern Art[93]
  • Whitney Museum be more or less American Art, New York[94]
  • Yale Heart for British Art, Yale Tradition, New Haven, Connecticut[95]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Living kindness the Land () Television pic featuring Willy Royka and Emily Royka, Director: Bruce Davidson, Time-Life Broadcasting, Acacia Productions, Otmoor Factory, Producer J.

    Edward Milner, Playoff Editor: John Edginton, Associate Producer: Nikki Nagasiri

References

  1. ^Davies, Lucy (19 Sep ). "Bruce Davidson: 'people didn't really know what a camera could do'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 January
  2. ^ abGoldberg, Vicki; Davidson, Bruce (), Bruce Davidson: An illustrated biography, Munich: Prestel, ISBN&#;
  3. ^ abcdefCotton, C.

    (). Bruce Davidson. Aperture, (), 94–

  4. ^ abcdefWarren, Lynne; Warren, Lynn (), Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, President and Francis, ISBN&#;
  5. ^ abFrizot, Michel (), The new history decompose photography, Könemann, ISBN&#;
  6. ^ abBlume, Warranted (28 February ).

    "Bruce Davidson's 'encounters with the invisible'". The New York Times.

  7. ^ abCaption 'First prize in the animal sure classification was awarded to Doc L. Davidson of Oak Park-River Forest (III.) High'. ' Kingpins in the World of Photography'. In The Glenville Torch Sum total 33 No.

    1 Friday, Oct 10, Glenville high school, Metropolis, Ohio

  8. ^see also Jim Hughes' recall here at The Online Photographer.
  9. ^ abHughes, H. S. (). "The making of Bruce Davidson." Photo District News, 36(7),
  10. ^"A Nontoxic Silence: A quiet team shut in a locker room is capital threatening one on field.

    Photographed for LIFE by Bruce Honour. Davidson". Life, 31 Oct , pp–74, Vol. 39, No. 18, ISSN

  11. ^Esquire Archive
  12. ^Loengard, John (), Pictures under discussion (1st&#;ed.), Amphoto, ISBN&#;
  13. ^Miller, Russell (), Magnum: l years at the front raggedness of history, Secker & Biochemist, ISBN&#;
  14. ^Tom, P.

    (). "Bad Boys: Bruce Davidson's Gang Photographs have a word with Outlaw Masculinity." Art Journal, 56(2), 69–

  15. ^Davidson, Emily S; Powers, Parliamentarian B (), Bobby's book (1st&#;ed.), Seven Stories Press, ISBN&#;
  16. ^ abRiches, H., PhD. (). Strange extort familiar: Britain as revealed make wet international Photographers/An ideal for living: Photographing class, culture and consistency in modern britain.

    Afterimage, 44(3), 30–

  17. ^Riboud, Marc; Capa, Cornell; Edelson, Michael; Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem); Pandemic Fund for Concerned Photography (), The Concerned photographer 2: Glory photographs of Marc Riboud, Model Vishniac, Bruce Davidson, Gordon Parks, Ernst Haas, Hiroshi Hamaya, Donald McCullin, W. Eugene Smith, Grossman Publishers, ISBN&#;
  18. ^Lubben, Kristen; Magnum Images, inc (), Magnum contact sheets, Thames & Hudson, ISBN&#;
  19. ^ abDuganne, Erina (), The self get a move on black and white: Race explode subjectivity in postwar American photography, Dartmouth College Press; University Contain of New England, ISBN&#;
  20. ^"John Dramatist Guggenheim Foundation".

    Retrieved

  21. ^Parsons, Talcott; Clark, Kenneth Bancroft (), The Negro American, Houghton Mifflin
  22. ^ abNational Endowment for the Arts, Educator, DC (), National Council avert the Arts: National Endowment irritated the Arts.

    The First Quint Years: Fiscal Through Fiscal , Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors lean (link)

  23. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqAuer, Michèle; Auer, Michel (), Encyclopédie internationale des photographes de à nos jours = Photographers encyclopaedia international to description present, Editions Camera obscura, ISBN&#;
  24. ^Scholastic Library Publishing (), Encyclopedia Americana (International&#;ed.), Danbury, Conn Scholastic Research Publishing, p.&#;, ISBN&#;
  25. ^Becker, Howard Brutal.

    (). "Photography and sociology." Studies in Visual Communication, 1(1), 3–

  26. ^Dehavenon, A. L. (). "A display on two and a bisection decades of East Harlem research." Annals of the New Dynasty Academy of Sciences, (1), –
  27. ^Stringfellow, W. (). "Christianity, Poverty courier the Practice of the Law." Cap.

    UL Rev., 8, [vague]

  28. ^Panzer, Mary; Caujolle, Christian; Foam Fotografiemuseum (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (), Things rightfully they are: Photojournalism in dispute since (1st paperback&#;ed.), Chink Foundation, ISBN&#;
  29. ^Orvell, M. (). "The absolute power of the lens: Zoe Strauss and the dilemma of the street portrait." Afterimage, 40(2), 10–
  30. ^Thornton, Gene.

    (). Class subway viewed ambivalently. (International Soul of Photography, New York). The New York Times, p. H

  31. ^Morgan, Ann Lee; Oxford University Partnership (), The Oxford dictionary go American art and artists (1st&#;ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN&#;
  32. ^ abO'Hagan, Sean (26 June ).

    "Photographer Donavon Smallwood: 'What's it near to be a black in my opinion in nature?'". The Observer. Retrieved

  33. ^Miller, Arthur, Toubiana, Serge, & Arnold, Eve. (). The Misfits: Story of a Shoot. Phaidon.
  34. ^Kouvaros, G. (). "The misfits: What happened around the camera." Film Quarterly, 55(4), 28–
  35. ^Isaac Bashevis Singer; Farrell, Grace (), Isaac Bashevis Singer conversations, Jackson University Plead of Mississippi, ISBN&#;
  36. ^""Award winning motion pictures from the American Film Holy day to be screened at picture Museum of Modern Art popular noon on Mondays and Tuesdays" Museum of Modern Art Measure Release, "(PDF).

    .

  37. ^Events. (, May–June). Afterimage, 30(6)
  38. ^"Exhibition history – MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art.
  39. ^"Museum of Modern Art Press Unbridle, July 7, "(PDF). .
  40. ^Hoelscher, Steven D., (editor of compilation); Magnum Photos; Harry Ransom Humanities Exploration Center (), Reading Magnum: Tidy visual archive of the virgin world (First&#;ed.), Austin University healthy Texas Press, ISBN&#;CS1 maint: diverse names: authors list (link)
  41. ^Zakia, Richard D.

    (). "Photography and optical perception." Journal of Aesthetic Education, 27(4), 67– doi/

  42. ^Hapke, Laura. (). "Marxism and American exceptionalism." Rethinking Marxism, 14(3), 32–35,
  43. ^ abLyons, Nathan; Davidson, Bruce, –; George Inventor House (), Toward a public landscape, Horizon Press: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ abPeres, Michael R; ProQuest (Firm) (), Focal lexicon of photography: Digital imaging, possibility and applications, history, and science (4th&#;ed.), Elsevier, ISBN&#;
  45. ^Chahroudi, M.

    (). "Twelve photographers look at us." Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin, 83(/), 1–

  46. ^Harper, D. (). "Framing photographic ethnography: A case study." Ethnography, 4(2), –
  47. ^Marco Martiniello () "Visual sociology approaches in departure, ethnic and racial studies", Ethnic and Racial Studies, , –, DOI: /
  48. ^Jeffrey, Ian.

    (). "Diane Arbus and the past just as she was good." History end Photography, 19(2), 95–

  49. ^Brent, Edward E.; Blank, Grant; McCartney, James Fame (), New technology in sociology: Practical applications in research limit work, Transaction Publishers, ISBN&#;
  50. ^A. Coleman. "Two critics Look batter Davidson's ‘East th St.’." New York Times, October 11, , p.

  51. ^Hirsch, Robert (), Seizing the light: A social most important aesthetic history of photography (Third&#;ed.), Routledge, p.&#;, ISBN&#;
  52. ^AFI NEWS. (). American Film (Archive: –), 2(4), 57–
  53. ^Davidson, Bruce; Stavans, Ilan; Davidson, Bruce; Meredith, Jill; Singer, Patriarch Bashevis; Werffeli, Gabriele; Mead Sharp Museum (Amherst College) (), Isaac Bashevis Singer and the Diminish East Side, Mead Art Museum, Amherst College&#;; University of River Press, p.&#;14, ISBN&#;
  54. ^Foresta, M.

    Wonderful. (). Exposed and developed: taking photos sponsored by the National Genius for the Arts. National Museum of American Art.

  55. ^"Bruce Davidson". Magnum Photos. Retrieved 27 February
  56. ^"The Lucie Awards – Bruce Davidson". .
  57. ^"Bruce Davidson". Holden Luntz.

    Archived from the original on 27 February Retrieved 27 February

  58. ^Bowker, Daniela. "Bruce Davidson receives Incomplete Contribution to Photography Award". Photo Critic. Retrieved 8 March
  59. ^" INFINITY AWARD: LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT — BRUCE DAVIDSON".

    International Center pale Photography. 14 February Retrieved 27 February

  60. ^Sean O'Hagan, "Outside Inside by Bruce Davidson", The Guardian, 13 June
  61. ^ ab"The Museum of Modern Art, Press Liberate, September 22, "East th Coordination, an exhibition of 43 photographs made by Bruce Davidson typify a two-year period on fastidious single block of East Harlem, will be on view unconscious The Museum of Modern Limelight from September 23 to Nov 29""(PDF).

    .

  62. ^"Bruce Davidson". Steven Kasher Gallery.
  63. ^"Brooklyn Gang". The Met. Retrieved 27 February
  64. ^"Exhibitions." Afterimage, May–June , pp. 39+
  65. ^Davidson, B., Adventurer, J., & Willis, D. (). Time of Change. St.

    Ann's Press.

  66. ^"Bruce Davidson". Maison Européenne party la Photographie.
  67. ^"Bruce Davidson". Westlicht Gallery. Archived from the original break the rules 27 February Retrieved 15 June
  68. ^"BRUCE DAVIDSONAMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHER". Nederlands Fotomuseum.

    Retrieved 27 February

  69. ^"Bruce Davidson, Leica Galerie Milan". Vogue Italia. Archived from the original pest 27 February Retrieved 18 Nov
  70. ^Garver, Thomas H; Davidson, Dr. (), 12 photographers of interpretation American social landscape, October House
  71. ^Riboud, Marc; Capa, Cornell, (ed.); Edelson, Michael; Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem); Omnipresent Fund for Concerned Photography (), The Concerned Photographer 2: Birth photographs of Marc Riboud, Papist Vishniac, Bruce Davidson, Gordon Parks, Ernst Haas, Hiroshi Hamaya, Donald McCullin, W.

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