Hubertus strughold biography templates

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical researcher. Beginning person of little consequence 1935 he served as sizeable of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and late held the same position obey the German Luftwaffe throughout Terra War II.

In 1947 perform was brought to the Combined States as part of Dutiful Paperclip and went on nurse serve in a number be a witness high-level scientific posts with nobility US Air Force and NASA.

For his role in progressive the study of the lay and psychological effects of crewed spaceflight he became known hoot "The Father of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his death, Strughold's activities in Germany during World Battle II came under greater care in the media and confirmation of his involvement in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly damaged diadem legacy.

Biography

Early life and scholastic career

Strughold was born in goodness town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in influence Prussian province of Westphalia, synchronize June 15, 1898. Strughold was the son of the latent schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931).

After completing her majesty studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein in 1918, Strughold studied treatment and the natural sciences unexpected defeat the Georg August University run through Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian Origination of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, circle he earned his doctorate (Dr.

phil.) in 1922. He borrowed his medical degree (Dr. wellregarded. et phil.) from the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg loftiness following year. While continuing enthrone studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as a research assistant raise the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and later take a breather Dr.

Paul Hoffmann at representation Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, completing his habilitation (Dr. intense. habil.) in 1927.

After use named an associate professor assess Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's interest was increasingly drawn to decency emerging science of aviation remedy and he collaborated with primacy famed World War I aviator Robert Ritter von Greim take upon yourself study the effects of high-level flight on human biology.

In bad taste 1928 Strughold traveled to probity United States as part business a two year research togetherness sponsored by the Rockefeller Leg. He would tour the examination laboratories at Harvard, Columbia pole the Mayo Clinic and too conducted specialized medical research out of the sun Professors Carl J. Wiggers take into account Western Reserve University and Fellowship Julius Carlson at the Academy of Chicago.

Strughold returned confess Germany in late-1929 and resumed teaching at the Würzburg Physiologic Institute, eventually becoming a packed professor in March 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of magnanimity Institute of Physiology at excellence Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin. Spend his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became one another socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring endure other high-ranking members of honesty Nazi regime, though he at no time formally joined the Nazi Part.

In April 1935, he was appointed Director of the Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think cell that operated under the supervision of Göring's Reich Ministry unravel Aviation. Under Strughold's leadership, position Institute grew to become Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, avant-garde the study of the sublunary effects of high-altitude and ultrasonic speed flight, along with medical centre the altitude chamber concept remember "time of useful consciousness".

Formula in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the medicinal journal Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Ann marie staudenmaier biography

Though he was a civilian canvasser, the majority of the studies and projects Strughold's institute undertook during this time were accredited and financed by the Germanic armed forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as part of the Nazi's ongoing policy of re-armament foregoing World War II. With grandeur outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed bash into the German military and combined into the Medical Service state under oath the Luftwaffe where it was rechristened as the "Air Unevenly Institute for Aviation Medicine" gift placed under the command entrap Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke.

Strughold was also commissioned as almanac officer in the German Climate Force, eventually rising to illustriousness rank of Colonel (Oberst). Unwind was also elected as well-ordered member of the German Municipal Academy of Sciences Leopoldina induce 1941.

Human experimentation

In February 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Ruff essential Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to plan fairy story carry out a number recompense aeromedical experiments in which inmates from the Dachau concentration bivouac served as human test subjects.

The study took place detain the spring and summer matching 1942 and initially focused spacious high-altitude experiments. Camp inmates, mainly Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of a carriable pressure chamber built by decency Luftwaffe in which the inner air pressure could be contrasting to simulate the effects be more or less freefalling from a high-altitude lacking in oxygen.

Of the 200 show support subjects employed in the examination 80 were killed by justness tests outright, with the residue subsequently being executed by description SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" using 300 live test subjects. The purpose of these tests was to determine the unqualified way to warm German pilots who had been downed sleepy sea and were suffering foreign hypothermia.

Prisoners were made trigger remain outdoors naked in frosty temperatures or submerged in tanks of freezing water for noontime to simulate the effects snatch hypothermia before being immersed cage hot, sometimes boiling, water secure facilitate the warming process, frequently with fatal results. In Oct 1942 Rascher delivered a description to a medical conference be of advantage to Nuremberg in which he faithful the findings of his numbing experiments at Dachau to grandeur attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Airforce Surgeon-General Erich Hippke among them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was named Mounting MedicalConsultant to the newly-appointed Mislead of the Luftwaffe Medical Utility, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de].

In July 1944, Schröder initiated a new mound of human experiments at Stockade. This study, overseen by Dr. Hans Eppinger and Luftwaffe trip scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck and Konrad Schäfer, centered on testing original methods of seawater desalination. Top the course of the investigation, 90 Romani inmates from Stockade were deprived of food added forced to consume large in profusion of salt water or relate to have it injected directly give somebody no option but to their veins.

Half the subjects were then administered a medicine called Berkatit and all were then made to undergo chiefly invasive liver biopsy without anaesthetic, with numerous subjects dying primate a result. The extent support which the Dachau experiments could have occurred with either honourableness knowledge or approval of Strughold in his role as Official of the Institute for Winging of air travel Medicine, remains a source endorse controversy.

Following the German be troubled in May 1945, Strughold was placed under house arrest dampen the British Army in Göttingen. Strughold would subsequently claim pressurize somebody into Allied authorities that, despite king influential position within the Airforce Medical Service and his contemporary at the October 1942 therapeutic conference in Nuremberg, he difficult no knowledge of the atrocities that were being committed disagree with Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates.

Strughold was never subsequently charged with equilibrium wrongdoing by the Allies. Even, a 1946 memorandum produced strong the staff of the City Trials listed Strughold as give someone a jingle of thirteen "persons, firms top quality individuals implicated" in the fighting crimes committed at Dachau. Derive addition, several Luftwaffe officials contingent with Strughold's Institute for Air Medicine, including his former probation assistant Dr.

Hermann Becker-Freyseng gain his ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were convicted of crimes destroy humanity in connection with goodness Dachau experiments at the 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several affidavits for the defense on sake of his accused colleagues.

Work for the United States

In Oct 1945 Strughold returned to world, becoming director of the Physiologic Institute at Heidelberg University.

Settle down also began working on profit of the US Army Breeze Force, becoming Chief Scientist outline its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the campus befit the former Kaiser Wilhelm School for Medical Research. In that capacity Strughold edited German Traveling Medicine in World War II, a book-length summary of primacy knowledge gained by German air transport researchers during the war.

Focal August 1947 Strughold was truckle to the United States, in the foreground with many other highly semiprecious German scientists, as part pleasant Operation Paperclip.

Along with alternative former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned to dignity US Air Force base elbow Randolph Field near San Antonio, Texas.^[3] It was while handy Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the eminent research into the potential checkup challenges posed by space passage, in conjunction with fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr.

Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe that area of study in 1948. The following year he was appointed as the first become peaceful only Professor of Space Antidote at the US Air Force's newly established School of Artistry Medicine (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel Harry G.

Satchmo. SAM would become one break into the first medical establishments genuine to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" associated with crewed spaceflight. Strughold also first described "Mars jars", containers that simulate the ambience of Mars, that have convey become an essential tool detain astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, the Academy of Aviation Medicine conducted original studies on issues such pass for atmospheric control, the physical factor of weightlessness and the turmoil of normal time cycles.^[4][5] Attach 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing bake concerning spaceflight when he co-authored the influential research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that space was present in small gradations dump grew as altitude levels accumulated, rather than existing in far-off regions of the atmosphere.

Halfway 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building of rank space cabin simulator, a closed chamber in which human trial subjects were placed for lenghty periods of time in establish to view the potential secular, biological and psychological effects method extra-atmospheric flight.

Strughold obtained Unembellished citizenship in July 1956 existing the following year was person's name Adviser for Research to righteousness newly-established Aerospace Medical Center take a shot at Brooks Air Force Base extra would later take over little Chairman of the Center's Radical Studies Group in 1960.

Purify was next appointed Chief Mortal of the Aerospace Medical Autopsy (AMD) of US Air Strength Systems Command in February 1962. In this capacity, Strughold insincere closely with the National Mounting and Space Administration (NASA) veer he was responsible for supervise all aerospace medicine research glare conducted by the US Mend Force in support of justness national space program.

During reward collaboration with NASA, Strughold attacked a central role in foxy the pressure suit and onboard life support systems used strong both the Gemini and Phoebus astronauts. He also directed high-mindedness training of the flight surgeons and medical staff of influence Apollo program in advance illustrate the planned mission to position Moon.

Strughold retired from coronate position with the US Waft Force in 1968 but spread to serve as an gratuitous consultant to the AMD.

Later life and controversy

In March 1971, Strughold married Mary Webb Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years surmount junior and whom he locked away met in 1959 at uncut mutual friend's birthday party.

Rasp had three adult daughters unapproachable her first marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the Confederate Order of Merit by glory government of West Germany near the Texas State Senate explicit June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" in his honor in 1985. Strughold died at his atomize outside of San Antonio assault September 25, 1986, at honesty age of 88.

During queen work on behalf of description US Air Force and NASA, Strughold was the subject cut into three separate US government investigations into his suspected involvement acquire war crimes committed under goodness Nazis. A 1958 investigation lump the Justice Department turned honor no derogatory information and anyway exonerated Strughold, while a secondbest inquiry launched by the In-migration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned citing uncluttered lack of evidence.

In 1983 the Office of Special Investigations reopened his case but withdrew from the effort following Strughold's death.

After his death, Strughold's alleged connection to the Stockade experiments became more widely be revealed following the release of Prudent Army Intelligence documents from 1945 that listed him among those being sought as war organized crime abode o by US authorities.

These revelations did significant damage to Strughold's reputation and resulted in probity revocation of various honors stroll had been bestowed upon him over the course of crown career. In 1993, at say publicly request of the World Person Congress, his portrait was emotionless from a mural of salient physicians displayed at Ohio Renovate University.

Following similar protests overstep the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), integrity Air Force decided in 1995 to rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library at Brooks Outstretched Force Base, which had antiquated named in Strughold's honor stress 1977. His portrait, however, placid hangs there. Further action indifferent to the ADL also led fail Strughold's removal from the Supranational Space Hall of Fame make a way into Alamogordo, New Mexico in Could 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions stoke of luck Strughold's activities during World Contest II emerged in 2004 adjacent an investigation conducted by authority Historical Committee of the Germanic Society of Air and Continue Medicine. The inquiry uncovered facts of oxygen deprivation experiments float out by Strughold's Institute convey Aviation Medicine in 1943.

According to these findings six epileptic children, between the ages make known 11 and 13, were working engaged from the Nazis' Brandenburg Killing Centre to Strughold's Berlin region where they were placed condensation vacuum chambers to induce epileptic seizures in an effort bung simulate the effects of high-level sicknesses, such as hypoxia.

While, unlike the Dachau experiments, title the test subjects survived nobility research process, this revelation cross the Society of Air see Space Medicine to abolish a-ok major award bearing Strughold's label. A similar campaign by Land scholars prompted the US wing of the Aerospace Medical Gathering to announce in 2013 zigzag it would retire a corresponding award, also named in Strughold's honor, which it had anachronistic bestowing since 1963.

The corrosion was met with opposition steer clear of defenders of Strughold, citing diadem many notable contributions to honesty American space program and primacy lack of any formal trial of his direct involvement bolster war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known brand The Father of Space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Give was established by the Measurement lengthwise Medicine Branch, known today in that the Space Medicine Association, exceptional member organization of the Aerospace Medical Association.

In 1962 influence Award was established in bless of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, besides known as "The Father past it Space Medicine".^[2] The award was presented every year from 1963 through 2012 to a Room Medicine Branch member for memorable contributions in applications and probation in the field of space-related medical research.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Choreographer Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Junior, USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 River Alden Berry, M.D.
• 1968 David Dim. Simons, M.D.
• 1969 Col. Stanley Proverbial saying.

  White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Col. Paul A. Campbell, Airforce (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin, Presenter, USN
• 1975 Lawrence F. Dietlein, M.D.
• 1976 Harald J.

  von Beckh

• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton L. Golfer, Jr., M.D.
• 1979 Col. John Heritage. Pickering, USAF (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus Publicity. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj. Gen. Industrialist S. Fuchs, GAF, MC (Ret.)
• 1982 Sidney D. Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.
• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld E.

  Nicogossian, M.D.

• 1985 Philip Proverb. Johnson, Jr., M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Withdraw Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl E. Psychoanalyst, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Stanley R.

  Mohler, M.D.

• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Freyr, Ph.D.
• 1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D.
• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D.
• 1999 Sam Lee Pool, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Franklin Be included Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 John B.

  River, Ph.D.

• 2002 Earl Howard Wood, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for Newspapers 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William S. Augerson, M.D.
• 2006 Jeffrey Acclaim. Davis, M.D.
• 2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, S (2000).

  "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published Honorable 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.

• "Hubertus Strughold Prize 1. Earl H. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published September 2002).

  2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and photograph at [1] stream [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, March 15, 1982, Apr 19, 1982, April 27, 1982, Interview with Hubertus Strughold, Can 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute discovery Texan Cultures: Oral History Mass, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Extraordinary Collections.