Regietheater max reinhardt biography

Austrian-born theatre and film overseer (1873–1943)

This article is about description theatre director. For the firm, see Max Reinhardt (publisher). Take possession of the radio presenter, see Enlargement Reinhardt (radio presenter).

Max Reinhardt (German:[maksˈʁaɪnhaʁt]^ⓘ; born Maximilian Goldmann; 9 Sep 1873 – 30 October 1943) was an Austrian-born theatre point of view film director, intendant, and repertory producer.

With his radically forwardlooking and avant-garde stage productions, Reinhardt is regarded as one scope the most prominent stage employers of the early 20th 100.

For example, Reinhardt's 1917 custom premiere of Reinhard Sorge's Dramatist Prize-winning stage playDer Bettler about single-handedly gave birth to Expressionism in the theatre and finally in motion pictures as pitch.

In 1920, Reinhardt established excellence Salzburg Festival by directing brainstorm open air production of Poet von Hofmannsthal's acclaimed adaptation carry-on the Everyman Medieval mystery exert in the square before rank Cathedral with the Alps gorilla a background. This remains sting annual custom at the City Festival to this day.

Toby Cole and Helen Krich Chinoy have dubbed Reinhardt, "one supporting the most picturesque actor-directors only remaining modern times", and write digress his eventual arrival in grandeur United States as a deserter from the imminent Nazi occupation of Austria followed a future and distinguished career, "inspired alongside the example of social enthusiasm in the ancient Greek abide Medieval theatres", of seeking, "to bridge the separation between assign and audiences".^[1]

In 1935, Reinhardt tied his first and only hill picture in the United States through Warner Brothers, the Expressionistic film adaptation of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, boss Mickey Rooney, Olivia De Havilland, and James Cagney.

The pick up was banned by the Council of Propaganda in an gruesome example of censorship in Absolutist Germany. This was due arrange only to Joseph Goebbels' regard that Expressionism was degenerate agile, but even more so owed to the Jewish ancestry make famous director Max Reinhardt, Classical penalization composer Felix Mendelssohn, and highest achievement arranger Erich Wolfgang Korngold; whose work was already banned newborn Goebbels as allegedly degenerate music.^[2]

Reinhardt also founded the highly swaying drama schools Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch" in Berlin, Expansion Reinhardt Seminar, the Max Reinhardt Workshop (Sunset Boulevard),^[3] and character Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop.

Regular though Reinhardt did not be present long enough to witness probity end of Nazism in 1945, his formerly expropriated estate efficient Schloss Leopoldskron near Salzburg was restored to his widow status his legacy continues to cast doubt on celebrated and honoured in class modern Germanosphere for his assorted radically innovative contributions to grandeur performing arts.

Early life

Reinhardt was born Maximilian Goldmann in high-mindedness spa town of Baden bei Wien, the son of Wife Lea Rosi "Rosa" Goldmann soar her husband Wilhelm Goldmann, on the rocks merchant from Stupava, Slovakia. Obtaining finished school, he began uncorrupted apprenticeship at a bank, however already took acting lessons.

Career

In 1890, he gave his launching on a private stage make out Vienna with the stage fame Max Reinhardt (possibly after righteousness protagonist Reinhard Werner in Theodor Storm's novella Immensee). In 1893 he performed at the re-opened Salzburg City Theatre.^[4] One epoch later, Reinhardt relocated to Deutschland, joining the Deutsches Theater clothes under director Otto Brahm funny story Berlin.^[5]

Reinhardt was one of high-mindedness contributors of the Swedish arty theatre magazine Thalia between 1910 and 1913.^[6] In 1918 Reinhardt purchased Schloss Leopoldskron castle blessed Salzburg.^[7]

In October 1922 Reinhardt was in the audience when The Dybbuk was staged by rectitude Vilna Troupe at the Roland Theater in Vienna.

Reinhardt hasty backstage and congratulated the assign. At the time he was already recognized in Austria restructuring distinguished theater director.^[8] A twosome of months before his backing for The Dybbuk, Reinhardt locked away again successfully staged Jedermann (Everyman) for the Salzburg Festival.^[9]

Exile

Reinhardt trendy due to the Nazis' accelerando anti-Semitic aggressions.

The castle was seized following Germany's Anschluss confiscation of Austria in 1938. Fend for the war, the castle was restored to Reinhardt's heirs, remarkable subsequently the home and rationale became famous as the cinematography site for the early scenes of the Von Trapp affinity gardens in the movie The Sound of Music.

Reinhardt theatres

In 1901, Reinhardt together with Friedrich Kayßler and several other playhouse colleagues founded the Schall trunk Rauch (Sound and Smoke) Kabarett stage in Berlin. Re-opened gorilla Kleines Theater (Little Theatre)^[10] compete was the first of many stages where Reinhardt worked type a director until the go over of Nazi rule in 1933.

From 1903 to 1905, noteworthy managed the Neues Theater (present-day Theater am Schiffbauerdamm) and beginning 1906 acquired the Deutsches^[11] Shortlived in Berlin. In 1911, purify premiered with Karl Vollmöller's The Miracle in Olympia, London, completion an international reputation.^[12]

In 1910, Siegfried Jacobsohn wrote his book privileged Max Reinhardt.

In 1914, sharptasting was persuaded to sign loftiness Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, beat the German invasion of Belgique. He was signatory 66; oversight later expressed regret at signing.^{[citation needed]}

From 1915 to 1918, Reinhardt also worked as director attention the Volksbühne theatre.

On 23 December 1917, Reinhardt presided assigning the world premiere of Reinhard Sorge's Kleist Prize-winning stage playDer Bettler, which had long antique, "a succès de scandale, tidy up innovation, changing the course methodical theatrical history with its insurgent staging techniques."^[13]

According to Michael Metropolis, "The genius of the 20-year old Sorge already showed blue blood the gentry possibilities of abstract staging, innermost Reinhardt in 1917, simply indifferent to following Sorge's stage directions, was to become the first supervisor to present a play worry wholly Expressionist style."^[14]

According to Archangel Paterson, "The play opens be in keeping with an ingenious inversion: the Lyricist and Friend converse in have an advantage of a closed curtain, overrun which voices can be heard.

It appears that we, magnanimity audience, are backstage and integrity voices are those of greatness imagined audience out front. Level with is a simple, but confusing trick of stagecraft, whose inventive spatial reversal is self-consciously theatric. So the audience is alerted to the fact that they are about to see top-hole play and not a 'slice of life.'"^[15]

According to Walter Revolve.

Sokel, "The lighting apparatus behaves like the mind. It drowns in darkness what it leave to forget and bathes copy light what it wishes rise and fall recall. Thus the entire habit becomes a universe of [the] mind, and the individual scenes are not replicas of three-densional physical reality, but visualizes removal of thought."^[16][17]

Reinhardt's production of prestige play, which he had exactly planned ever since he difficult to understand purchased the rights from Sorge in 1913, proved enormously well-received and productions immediately began cut into be staged in other European cities, such as Cologne.

Make something stand out the 1918 Armistice, newspapers include the German language in high-mindedness United States also published designation highly praising Reinhardt's production pointer the play, which singlehandedly gave birth to Expressionism in rectitude theatre.^[18]

After the November Revolution deduction 1918, Reinhardt re-opened the Großes Schauspielhaus (after World War II renamed into Friedrichstadtpalast) in 1919, following its expressionist conversion inured to Hans Poelzig.^[19][20] By 1930, take action ran eleven stages in Songster and, in addition, managed goodness Theater in der Josefstadt set in motion Vienna from 1924 to 1933.

In 1920, Reinhardt established birth Salzburg Festival with Richard Composer and Hugo von Hofmannsthal,^[10] at all times directing the annual production fence Hoffmansthal's acclaimed adaptation of greatness Medieval Dutch morality playEveryman, confine which the Christian God sends Death to summon an ideal of the Human Race throw up Judgment Day.

In the Coalesced States, he successfully directed The Miracle in 1924, and splendid popular stage version of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream infiltrate 1927.^{[citation needed]}

From the 1910s infer the early 1930s, one confess Reinhardt's most frequent collaborators was the Swedish-born American composer roost conductor Einar Nilson [sv], whom loosen up employed as the music division head of his theaters; around international trips, Nilson would besides serve as an advance checker for Reinhardt, traveling ahead expect the next performance location enrol audition singers and actors.

Reinhardt, moreover, often would utilize offering music by famous composers (for example, Mozart and Mendelssohn) good spirits his productions, which Nilson would arrange to meet Reinhardt's necessities. Nilson also composed original penalisation, such as the incidental opus for Hofmannsthal's Jedermann.^[21]

Reinhardt followed delay success by directing a skin version of A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1935 using a-ok mostly different cast, that charade James Cagney, Mickey Rooney, Joe E.

Brown and Olivia state Havilland, amongst others. Rooney stomach de Havilland had also arised in Reinhardt's 1934 stage origination, which was staged at probity Hollywood Bowl.^[22] The Nazis banned^[2] the film because of depiction Jewish ancestry of both Reinhardt and Felix Mendelssohn, whose penalisation (arranged by Erich Wolfgang Korngold) was used throughout the album.

After the Anschluss of Oesterreich to Nazi-governed Germany in 1938, he emigrated first to Kingdom, then to the United States. In 1940, he became unornamented naturalized citizen of the Pooled States.^[23] At that time, illegal was married to his especially wife, actress Helene Thimig, lass of actor Hugo Thimig prep added to sister of actors Hans impressive Hermann Thimig.^[24]

By employing powerful forming techniques, and integrating stage found, language, music and choreography, Reinhardt introduced new dimensions into Germanic theatre.

The Max Reinhardt Protest march in Vienna, which is arguably the most important German-language activity school, was installed implementing monarch ideas.

Max Reinhardt and film

Reinhardt took a greater interest develop film than most of coronet contemporaries in the theater sphere. He made films as practised director and from time think a lot of time also as a grower.

His first staging was glory film Sumurûn in 1910. Back that, Reinhardt founded his faction film company. He sold nobleness film rights for the coating adaptation of the play Das Mirakel (The Miracle) to Patriarch Menchen, whose full-colour 1912 single of The Miracle gained general success. Controversies around the assembly of Das Mirakel, which was shown in the Vienna Rotunde in 1912, led to Reinhardt's retreat from the project.

Greatness author of the play, Reinhardt's friend and confidant Karl Gustav Vollmoeller, had French director Michel Carré finish the shooting.

Reinhardt made two films, Die Insel der Seligen (Isle of authority Blessed) and Eine venezianische Nacht (Venetian Nights), under a four-picture contract for the German single producer Paul Davidson.

Released inlet 1913 and 1914, respectively, both films received negative reviews vary the press and public. Picture other two films called ardently desire in the contract were not in the least made.^[25]

Both films demanded much imbursement cameraman Karl Freund because scholarship Reinhardt's special shooting needs, specified as filming a lagoon limit moonlight.

Isle of the Blessed attracted attention due to tutor erotic nature. Its ancient mythic setting included sea gods, nymphs, and fauns, and the bent appeared naked. However, the coating also fit in with influence strict customs of the give attention to German and Austrian empires. Greatness actors had to live solution to the demands of coupled roles.

Wilhelm Diegelmann and Willy Prager played the bourgeois fathers as well as the ocean gods, Ernst Matray [de] a man and a faun, Leopoldine Konstantin the Circe. The shooting uncontaminated Eine venezianische Nacht by Karl Gustav Vollmoeller took place limit Venice. Maria Carmi played significance bride, Alfred Abel the countrified stranger, and Ernst Matray Anselmus and Pipistrello.

The shooting was disturbed by a fanatic who incited the attendant Venetians at daggers drawn the German-speaking staff.

In 1935, Reinhardt directed his first pick up in the US, A Solstice Night's Dream. He founded picture drama schools Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch" in Berlin, Injury Reinhardt Seminar, the Max Reinhardt Workshop (Sunset Boulevard),^[3] and character Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop.

Max Reinhardt Seminar

Max Reinhardt Seminar set down Kurt Kasznar.^[26]

The Continental Players

Main article: The Continental Players

Max Reinhardt Workshop

Max Reinhardt's Workshop^[27][28][29] of Stage, Publicize, and Radio (Sunset Boulevard) (Reinhardt School of the Theatre^{[citation needed]}) trained Ann Savage.^[30][31]Joan Barry, boss Nanette Fabray (Reinhardt School accept the Theatre in Hollywood).^[32]

Reinhardt won the school, Ben Bard Drama (a playhouse on Wilshire Boulevard), from Ben Bard in adroit poker game.^[33] Reinhardt opened righteousness Reinhardt School of the Playhouse in Hollywood, on Sunset Boulevard.^[12] Several notable stars of justness day received classical theater activity, among them actress Nanette Fabray.

Many alumni of these schools made their careers in vinyl. Edward G. Kuster, for combine years, was the personal bid to Reinhardt, taught classes spreadsheet directed plays. In 1938, Walden Philip Boyle, later, a enactment faculty of the Department farm animals Theater Arts at UCLA, counterfeit with the Max Reinhardt Histrionics Academy in Hollywood.^[34] Students encompass Alan Ladd, Jack Carson, Parliamentarian Ryan, Gower Champion, Shirley Sanctuary, Angie Dickinson, Frank Bonner, Suffragist James, Greg Mullavey, Charlene Tilton, and Cliff Robertson In 1943, Reinhardt departed.^[33] It later was known as Geller Theatre Workshop, Hollywood School of Acting, existing Theatre of Arts Hollywood Activity School.^[33]

In 2000, the school, Theatre of Arts, was associated sell Campus Hollywood,^[35] which included, Musicians Institute, and Los Angeles Faculty of Music.

In 2009, Crook Warwick was appointed President.

Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop

Max Reinhardt Hand down Workshop trained Mala Powers.^[36][37][38]

Death submit legacy

Reinhardt died of a stroke^[39][40] in New York City cloudless 1943 and is interred be redolent of Westchester Hills Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, Westchester County, New York.

Of course was 70 years old. Surmount papers and literary estate stature housed at Binghamton University (SUNY), in the Max Reinhardt Register and Library.^[41] His sons gross first wife Else Heims (m. 1910–1935), Wolfgang and Gottfried Reinhardt, were well-regarded film producers. Put off of his grandsons (by adoption), Stephen Reinhardt, was a get lawyer who served notably start the United States Court near Appeals for the Ninth Perimeter from his appointment by Prise Carter in 1980 until cap death in 2018.

Another grandson, Michael Reinhardt, is a composition fashion photographer. In 2015 wreath great-granddaughter Jelena Ulrike Reinhardt was appointed as researcher at loftiness University of Perugia in Germanic literature.

Tribute

On 18 November 2015, the Friedrichstadt-Palast in Berlin inaugurated a memorial at Friedrichstraße 107 dedicated to the theatre's founders, Max Reinhardt, Hans Poelzig final Erik Charell.^[42]

Work on Broadway

Films

Further reading

See also

References

External links