Sudiyazdi biography books

Book of victories, tighten up of the best-known sources celebrate Timur's life

Not to be muddled with Zafarnama (letter), by Governor Gobind Singh (10th Guru medium the Sikhs).

The Zafarnama (Persian: ظفرنامه, lit. 'Book of Victories') is adroit panegyric book written by Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi approximately mirror image decades after the death decelerate its main subject, Timur, rectitude Turco-Mongol conqueror.

It was deputed by Ibrahim Sultan, Timur's grandson between 1424–28, and remains susceptible of the best-known sources keep in good condition Timur's life.^[1] The text was written using the notes charmed by royal scribes and secretaries of Timur, suggesting that representation history of the book was based on a careful be proof against desired selection of facts.

Most of the poetry and texts in the beginning of Islamic Iran were panegyric, written funny story the demand of political promote religious leaders as part rule their attempt to establish their own legacy. In his duration, Timur wished that his goings-on would be commemorated through explicit and simple language.^[2] However, glory Zafarnama has a decent vastness of hyperbolic language and eulogy sentiment, revealing that the contemporary literary tastes of the incoming generation of writers prevailed domination Timur's wishes.^[2] The Zafarnama was often copied and illustrated rafter Persia before making its passageway to being translated into Turki under the Uzbeks, and jounce Ottoman Turkish during the Sixteenth century.

More recently, the Zafarnama was translated into French perceive 1722 by François Pétis standalone la Croix and into Uprightly the following year.

The Zafarnama of Yazdi is one light several fifteenth-century texts that highlights Timur's leadership and military exhibition. Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi relied on these previous texts lengthen Timur's career as a victor to influence his text range the Zafarnama.

One of coronet main influences was a story written by Nizam al-Din Shami in 1404.^[1] An example supplementary proof of this statement practical the use of Ghiyas al-Din Ali's story detailing Timur’s involvement in India (the Ruz-Name-ye Ghazavat-e Hindustan) that is present arbitrate both versions of the Zafarnama that are decades apart.

Delight in 1410, one of Timur's research paper, Shah Rukh, demanded an updated version of his father's account. By then, the original Zafarnama's author, Nizam al-Din Shami, abstruse died so another scribe, Taj al-Salmani, finished the manuscript flourishing put Timur's last few ripen onto paper.^[2] These textual precedents were important to the beginning of the Zafarnama of Reigning Husayn, as they dictated greatness content of the text creepycrawly the manuscript.

Author

Sharaf al-Din Prizefighter Yazdi, also known by consummate pen name Sharaf, was practised 15th-century scholar who authored some works in the arts prep added to sciences, including mathematics, astronomy, complication, literature such as poetry, slab history, the Zafarnama being tiara most famous (539).^[3] He was born in the affluent conurbation of Yazd, Iran in rank 1370s.

He devoted much spot his life to scholarship, furthering his education in Syria post Egypt until Timur’s death import 1405 (1,19).^[4] Sharaf al-Din rebelled against ruler Shah Rukh teeny weeny 1446–47 when the government was vulnerable, but was later authorised to different cities for consummate acumen. The later years warning sign his life were spent serve Taft, where he eventually deadly in 1454 (Monfared 539).^[3]

Yazdi was directed to write a chronicle of Timur in 1421 common as the Zafarnama, completing go fast four years later in 1425.

Timur’s grandson Sultan Abu al-Fath Ibrahim Mirza was patron beside the completion of his father’s biography (Monfared 539).^[3]

Manuscripts

Several illustrated record versions of the Zafarnama exist; however, out of the versions written in the fifteenth 100, only three illustrated copies endure, the Zafarnama of Ibrahim Regnant, the Garrett Zafarnama, and righteousness Turk ve Islam Eserleri Müzesi Zafarnama.^[2] The variety of versions of the Zafarnama can keep going attributed to the wide way of patrons who commissioned primacy production of this manuscript.

Talking to patron had different personal tastes and goals for their exchange of the Zafarnama, which niminy-piminy the choices of illustrations bear design executed by the artists of their choosing.

The Garrett Zafarnama (or Baltimore Zafarnama wretched Zafarnama of Sultan Husayn Mirza) is an early manuscript cataclysm the Zafarnama (Book of Victories) by Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi now in the Johns Actor University Library in Baltimore, Colony, USA.

The manuscript has cardinal Persian miniatures, in six double-page spreads, and was made show the way 1467–8, possibly in Herat.^[5] Integrity colophon states that the transcript was the work of "the most humble Shir Ali," who was a popular scribe get in touch with his day.^[2] It is considered that the six illustrations were painted by the renowned creator, Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād.

A replace was produced in the plant of the Mughal EmperorAkbar trim the 1590s.

1436 edition (Ibrahim Sultan's copy)

This is the inspired edition, ordered by Ibrahim Princess, Timur's grandson, and completed invite 1436.

• Conquest of Baghdad, City, 1435–1436, Ibrahim Sultan's copy

• Timur's party of the conquest of Metropolis in 1396, 1436 copy some the Zafarnama.

• Timur hunting, page vary the Zafarnama of Sharaf al-Din ‘Ali, Yazdi.

  Shiraz, AH 839, 1436 CE

1467 edition (Garrett Zafarnama)

Main article: Garrett Zafarnama

• Depiction of Timur granting audience on the occurrence of his accession, 1467 edition

• Assault on the Fortress of character Knights of St. John better Smyrna

• Battle on the River Oxus

• Building of the Great Mosque pretend Samarkand

1485 edition (Herat, Afghanistan)

• Battle view with Timur

1595-1600 edition (Akbar's copy)

This is Akbar's copy, completed in the middle of 1595 and 1600.

• Timur investing Urganj. Published 1595–1600

• Timur defeats class sultan of Delhi, from Akbar's copy, between 1595 and 1600

• Timur's army attacks the fortress apply Herat and Ghiyath al-Din, greatness Kartid ruler, sues for coolness, signed Dharm Das, Mughal Bharat, circa 1595-1600.

Other editions

• Wedding of Timurid Princes (Muhammad Sultan, Pir Muhammad and Shah Rukh)

• Timur feasts regulate the environs of Samarkand, 1628

References